Protein Kinase B. It is a key protein inside cells that helps control growth and survival. When AKT is abnormally activated, cancer cells can receive constant signals to grow and avoid dying.

An antibody is a protein that recognises a specific target. By attaching anti-cancer drugs, they can be delivered more directly to cancer cells, minimizing harm to healthy cells.

Proteins inside cells that act like engines for cell division.

This treatment approach activates or enables the person’s own immune system to attack cancer cells. This includes cancer vaccines, as well as immune cell treatments and checkpoints inhibitors (which stop cancer cells avoiding the immune response).

A protein inside cells that acts like a growth-control switch, helping regulate when cells grow, divide, and use energy.

A protein that can activate AKT.

the treatment approach that uses medications with specific targets, such as a single protein. It also uses information about the cancer type, such as receptors expressed or altered, to guide treatment.

For ER+ breast cancers, the supply of estrogen to the estrogen receptor triggers cancer cell growth. Some treatments limit the supply of estrogen, some block the receptor; these degrade them. They can be effective when the other lines of treatment no longer work.